Grammar and Glamour

Although I do some writing, I often find it difficult to write good papers. English is not my native language, and at school, grammar was not my favourite subject.

But, everyone can benefit from improved writing skills at work, at home, online, you name it.

I often use Strunk and White’s “Elements of Style.” But now another book is my favourite:  “The Glamour of Grammar,” by Roy Peter Clark, which a book review in The New York Times says “is very much a manual for the 21st century”.

I recently read this fascinating book. To be honest, this is the only grammar book I have read from beginning to end, and I will use it to improve my language. I learned that for the good writer, no decision is too small, including whether to use “a” or “the”.

I did not associate the word grammar with glamour. The author explains: “The bridge between the words glamour and grammar is magic. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, glamour evolved from grammar through an ancient association between learning and enchantment. There was a time when grammar described not just language knowledge, but all forms of learning, ..”

The book is not only about grammar: it is about improving writing. Each chapter ends with “keepsakes” (reminders), where the author summarises important points and keeps things informal enough and thus avoids sounding like a textbook.

Open Access Journals

ResearchBlogging.orgAbout 10 years ago, some scientists started an ‘open access’ campaign for free journals funded by author fees. A reason to start the open access journals was to make scientific publications available for researchers in developing countries. Can we after 10 years say that researchers in the poorer countries have benefited from this exercise?

The two most important publishers are Public Library of Science (with six journals) and BioMedCentral (with 206 journals). By various measures about 10% of all biomedical journals are now open access. PLoSONE expects to publish about 7500 papers this year, making it the world’s largest journal in terms of volume.

A review in 2009 shows an 8% citation advantage for open-access articles, although the rate was higher in developing countries (Evand and Reimer, 2009).From personal experience I have learned that Ethiopian researchers try to publish in open access journals. This is a natural development because they are exempted from paying the processing fees.

Another benefit for researchers in developing countries is that many of the open access journals have a good citation index, showing that research papers are widely read and cited.

However, there is also a weakness in the open access publishing for developing countries. Unfortunately, the scientific literature the researchers read and cite is often limited to articles found in open access journals. This may result in a selective reading of researchers and students.

So researchers in the poor countries need to have better access to read journals. Unfortunately, initiatives as HINARI are often limited to a few individuals and to libraries.

Evans, J., & Reimer, J. (2009). Open Access and Global Participation in Science Science, 323 (5917), 1025-1025 DOI: 10.1126/science.1154562

Important health research from Ethiopia

Although the disease burden among people in the developing world is much larger than that of the rich countries, most of health research is on health problems for the rich.

Peer-reviewed journal from countries such as Ethiopia are not widely read. However, journals such as Ethiopian Journal of Health Development contains many important studies for improving health care in the country, as shown in some examples of references below.

Tadele G. ‘Unrecognized victims’: Sexual abuse against male street children in Merkato area, Addis Ababa. Ethiop J Hlth Dev. 2009;23(3):174-82.

Ayalew Astatkie and Amsalu Feleke (2009). Utilization of insecticide treated nets in Arba Minch Town and the malarious villages of Arba Minch Zuria District, Southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 23 (3), 206-215

New articles from EJHD

The latest issue of the Ethiopian Journal of Health Development contains many interesting articles.

Among these important public health articles, I would like to highlight one paper: Getnet Tadele from the Department of Sociology at Addis Ababa University writes about sexual abuse against male street children in Addis Ababa (1). He worked in the Merkato (main market) area in Addis Ababa, and found that sexual abuse against male children around Merkato area is widespread.

Male homosexuality makes up a major HIV transmission route in the Americas, Eastern Europe and parts of Asia but is rare in Africa. Although anthropologists have reported homosexual behaviour in Africa since the 17th century, it remains as a taboo subject. Recent information suggests that homosexuality is common in Ethiopia. This adds to increasing evidence that the HIV epidemic in Ethiopian towns is more complex that previously anticipated (2 – 4) .

References

1.         Tadele G. ‘Unrecognized victims’: Sexual abuse against male street children in Merkato area, Addis Ababa. Ethiop J Hlth Dev. 2009;23(3):174-82.

2.         Kloos H, Mariam D, Lindtjørn B. The AIDS Epidemic in a Low-Income Country: Ethiopia. Human Ecology Review. 2007 Jan 1;14(1):39-55.

3.         Tadele G. Bleak prospects: young men, sexuality and HIV/AIDS in an Ethiopian town. PhD Thesis. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam; 2005.

4.         Gebreyesus SH, Mariam DH. Assessment of HIV/AIDS related risks among men having sex with men (MSM) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Public Health Policy. 2009 Sep;30(3):269-79.

New role of senior authors

Recently, the editors of the journals Science, Nature, and the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences discussed the role of senior authors.

The journals raise a new topic or requirement, and discuss the roles, duties and responsibilities of the senior authors. For example, Science now wants the senior author for a group to confirm that he or she has personally reviewed the original data. He or she must also make sure the data selected for publication in specific figures and tables have been correctly presented.

In this way, Science aims to identify a few senior authors who collectively take responsibility for all the data presented in each published paper.  Up till now, usually the first author has been asked to accept this responsibility.

This will in my view soon also raise the issue of data storage. Should the senior author also keep copies the datasets, and copies of log books?

The Editorial in Science finally wishes to promote good mentoring and the journal discusses how mentors and supervisors should be acknowledged.